Fieldtrip
During our trip (expeditionary trip in my terms) to Bangka and Belitung we were given there several presentations, speeches, or demonstrations related to the mining activity there, and how it effects the surrounding environment. We have all interviewed a doctor from the local hospital/clinic in Bangka. A Tin miner in Belitung, government official in Bangka, a CEO/spokesman from the mining company in Bangka, and the tour guides from both islands. We have interviewed all people that were necessary for us to obtain our data concerning about the mining and the surrounding environment. Below are the questions we used during the interviews, with their answers.
PEMDA (KECAMATAN) For Pak Camat
MINING COMPANY (PT ATD MAKMUR MANDIRI
PUSKESMAS
LOCAL PEOPLE (MINERS)
Survey Results
(THIS IS FROM THE GROUP, NOT ILLEGAL COPY PASTE)
FOR PEMDA (KECAMATAN): Interview with Pak Camat.
What are the basic rules of building the mining site?
The basic rules is to have a permission from the RT or the community leader that is in charge for the location. After the agreement from the RT, they are required to write a letter saying that they have been given a permission and apply to use the location to do local mining.
Do the people who worked in the mining place receive tax payment?
It is not the workers responsibility to pay the tax payment but the owner of the company is responsible to pay the tax to the local department, making sure they followed the rules well.
What do the regulation say about non official mining place?
They are not allowed because it is not official the government tries to warned but then that is the only way for them to live. The non official mining place works in varieties of ways. One of them is by using the space after the official mining place finished mining, the unofficial miners took the place and held their own mining activity on the place. The unofficial miners tend to use any lands they can use for mining, not considering thoroughly about its impact to the environment, or that it is also against the law.
Does the local people follow the rules? If not, why?
The local people relatively follow the rules given by the government. One case where they usually don't follow the rules is when they want to build their own mining site. The reason of why they didn't follow the rules is because they want to work for their selves and find income by building their own place, and it can bring benefit to their economy.
What are the effects of the regulation to the people? Is it effective?
The effects of the regulation to the people is that Now the Kecamatan have set a higher standards and law for the people who wants mined so the steps are harder.
Do the minors understand how to manage mining sites?
The local workers usually know how to manage the mining sites, but a few of the minors from other places know the method of working on the mining site.
Are they (minors) taught of the impact of mining to the environment?
It depends on the company, either they clearly educate their workers about the impact of mining to the environment or just simply instruct them to work.
How can the government improve their way of working?
The government and the people who work in it could improve by being more serious and firm about the regulations they make about illegal mining so that they could help eradicate illegal minings that not only brings a negative impact to the environment, but also the health of local people. Tin mining is the main resource of Bangka Belitung and by legislating and disciplining the local people and also illegal companies, they can prevent people without permission to take the mining resources from the province and only get the benefit, not being responsible to the damage they caused.
FOR MINING COMPANY (PT ATD MAKMUR MANDIRI)
What circumstances or tests do you have to pass by the government in order to start a local mining? Formed in 2007, PT ATD Makmur Mandiri is considered as one of the legal mining companies in Bangka and they are also given the permission by the government to officially build the company. However, they did not specifically mention the tests/circumstances they have to have in order to start local mining in Bangka. According to their explanation, we know that they followed the rules of the government regarding the local mining issue.
How does this benefit the economy of the local government?
The activity of mining really benefits the economy of Bangka because its number one income is in mining. Bangka is very rich in minerals and it has been for years that Bangka’s resources has not yet finished. The minerals are like blessing from God, which is why they believe that they have to enjoy their resources and use it for their good, since it is very valuable for them.
What are some disadvantage and advantages for the environment/people in a local mining mineral?
The disadvantage is that it will surely harm the environment because when they mined they dig the ground sometimes they don’t burry or put back the soil. The advantage is that many people can live well, and they can actually work and find a job. They can feed their family because of the job availability.
Where do you process the minerals?, if in the mines site, will it impact the environment?
They put it in the machine. (PICTURE)
FOR HOSPITAL (PUSKESMAS)
What is the life expectancy of the people here? In Bangka and Belitung, the life expectancy of people is 75 years old for both male and female from 2010 until 2015.
What factors affect public health in Bangka/Belitung the most ? The environmental and social factors affect their public the most. For the environment, due to the priority of the mining companies, water sources are damaged and it affects the health of the Bangka Belitung people. For the social factor, since most people work on the tin mining companies, the level of occupational accidents happening also affects the health. People who worked on the companies risked their health. Some cases specifically proved the dangers of working in the mining place, such as the sickness of inhaling dangerous chemical substances which cannot be cured.
Statistics of human population in Bangka/Belitung? (N/A)
What are some factors to improve public health in Bangka/Belitung? According to the Head Nurse of the PUSKESMAS, the way they can improve public health is by cooperating with the Public Health Offices or Dinas Kesehatan to tackle and found the solution to the diseases the people have. With good cooperation with the government, they can make better improvements from year to year. Besides cooperating with the government, public health could also be improved by improving the environment. One way is to plant more trees if possible and also prioritize more about the peoples’ health, although in one way it could bring a negative impact since tin mining is the source of income of many families.
What's the quality of health here? Quality of health in Bangka Belitung is not very good due to the damaged environment and also the limited medication they have that is not able to cure unusual diseases.
What are the effect of the mining place towards the human condition and health? The mining place, as stated before, brought negative effects towards the human conditions and healths because of the dangers of tin mining. It affected the health of their skin, respiratory, and other parts of their body system as they worked every day to produce tin. One of the worst effect of the tin mining place is that it could cause death to the workers as it is likely for them to be burried alive, as proven from the data that the number of deaths are increasing from 21 in 2010 to 44 in 2011.
What are the illness and sickness and how do you found the medicine? One of the major sickness the local people suffered is malaria (swamp fever) and dengue fever. The symptoms of a diseased person with those kinds of fever can be seen when they not only suffer from the usual fever but they also shiver and sweat numerous times. The sickness are major in the province because of the transportation of the mosquitos from the water puddle which can create diseases and helps mosquito breeding in the environment. The medicine to cure malaria and dengue fever is by doing the normal treatment they can provide according to the limited resources they have. Malaria is one of the major causes of death in Bangka, mainly caused by the damaged environment because the number of the abandoned mines are becoming habitats for the mosquitos.
FOR LOCAL PEOPLE
What do the people think about the local resources in Bangka/Belitung? According to them, they think that the local resources both have strengths and weaknesses. For strengths, it is a great opportunity for them to have local resources that are used for mining since it could influence the high availability of people working on the mining site. Because of the richness, they also benefit economically. However, they also stated that their environment is becoming worse because of the tin mining activity and it affects their health and also social life.
What do the people think about the local mining company? Do you think it's right according to the regulation? Some companies follow the rules, and some didn’t. It’s something that they cannot control because they know that the government themselves cannot regulate the local mining companies well.
Does the local people benefit from the mining activity that the company did? Yes. As stated before, there are more job availability because of the resources they have. However, there are more losses from the activity since the companies are turning their island into a wasteland. They are unsatisfied and felt that the mining activities mostly brought negative impacts to the local people.
What are the suggestions from the local people to the company? According to Ibu Aslia, a local resident of Belitung, the company should find a solution to fix their damaged environment since it is their responsibility to take care of the environment and not harm the local people.
What are the basic rules of building the mining site?
The basic rules is to have a permission from the RT or the community leader that is in charge for the location. After the agreement from the RT, they are required to write a letter saying that they have been given a permission and apply to use the location to do local mining.
Do the people who worked in the mining place receive tax payment?
It is not the workers responsibility to pay the tax payment but the owner of the company is responsible to pay the tax to the local department, making sure they followed the rules well.
What do the regulation say about non official mining place?
They are not allowed because it is not official the government tries to warned but then that is the only way for them to live. The non official mining place works in varieties of ways. One of them is by using the space after the official mining place finished mining, the unofficial miners took the place and held their own mining activity on the place. The unofficial miners tend to use any lands they can use for mining, not considering thoroughly about its impact to the environment, or that it is also against the law.
Does the local people follow the rules? If not, why?
The local people relatively follow the rules given by the government. One case where they usually don't follow the rules is when they want to build their own mining site. The reason of why they didn't follow the rules is because they want to work for their selves and find income by building their own place, and it can bring benefit to their economy.
What are the effects of the regulation to the people? Is it effective?
The effects of the regulation to the people is that Now the Kecamatan have set a higher standards and law for the people who wants mined so the steps are harder.
Do the minors understand how to manage mining sites?
The local workers usually know how to manage the mining sites, but a few of the minors from other places know the method of working on the mining site.
Are they (minors) taught of the impact of mining to the environment?
It depends on the company, either they clearly educate their workers about the impact of mining to the environment or just simply instruct them to work.
How can the government improve their way of working?
The government and the people who work in it could improve by being more serious and firm about the regulations they make about illegal mining so that they could help eradicate illegal minings that not only brings a negative impact to the environment, but also the health of local people. Tin mining is the main resource of Bangka Belitung and by legislating and disciplining the local people and also illegal companies, they can prevent people without permission to take the mining resources from the province and only get the benefit, not being responsible to the damage they caused.
FOR MINING COMPANY (PT ATD MAKMUR MANDIRI)
What circumstances or tests do you have to pass by the government in order to start a local mining? Formed in 2007, PT ATD Makmur Mandiri is considered as one of the legal mining companies in Bangka and they are also given the permission by the government to officially build the company. However, they did not specifically mention the tests/circumstances they have to have in order to start local mining in Bangka. According to their explanation, we know that they followed the rules of the government regarding the local mining issue.
How does this benefit the economy of the local government?
The activity of mining really benefits the economy of Bangka because its number one income is in mining. Bangka is very rich in minerals and it has been for years that Bangka’s resources has not yet finished. The minerals are like blessing from God, which is why they believe that they have to enjoy their resources and use it for their good, since it is very valuable for them.
What are some disadvantage and advantages for the environment/people in a local mining mineral?
The disadvantage is that it will surely harm the environment because when they mined they dig the ground sometimes they don’t burry or put back the soil. The advantage is that many people can live well, and they can actually work and find a job. They can feed their family because of the job availability.
Where do you process the minerals?, if in the mines site, will it impact the environment?
They put it in the machine. (PICTURE)
FOR HOSPITAL (PUSKESMAS)
What is the life expectancy of the people here? In Bangka and Belitung, the life expectancy of people is 75 years old for both male and female from 2010 until 2015.
What factors affect public health in Bangka/Belitung the most ? The environmental and social factors affect their public the most. For the environment, due to the priority of the mining companies, water sources are damaged and it affects the health of the Bangka Belitung people. For the social factor, since most people work on the tin mining companies, the level of occupational accidents happening also affects the health. People who worked on the companies risked their health. Some cases specifically proved the dangers of working in the mining place, such as the sickness of inhaling dangerous chemical substances which cannot be cured.
Statistics of human population in Bangka/Belitung? (N/A)
What are some factors to improve public health in Bangka/Belitung? According to the Head Nurse of the PUSKESMAS, the way they can improve public health is by cooperating with the Public Health Offices or Dinas Kesehatan to tackle and found the solution to the diseases the people have. With good cooperation with the government, they can make better improvements from year to year. Besides cooperating with the government, public health could also be improved by improving the environment. One way is to plant more trees if possible and also prioritize more about the peoples’ health, although in one way it could bring a negative impact since tin mining is the source of income of many families.
What's the quality of health here? Quality of health in Bangka Belitung is not very good due to the damaged environment and also the limited medication they have that is not able to cure unusual diseases.
What are the effect of the mining place towards the human condition and health? The mining place, as stated before, brought negative effects towards the human conditions and healths because of the dangers of tin mining. It affected the health of their skin, respiratory, and other parts of their body system as they worked every day to produce tin. One of the worst effect of the tin mining place is that it could cause death to the workers as it is likely for them to be burried alive, as proven from the data that the number of deaths are increasing from 21 in 2010 to 44 in 2011.
What are the illness and sickness and how do you found the medicine? One of the major sickness the local people suffered is malaria (swamp fever) and dengue fever. The symptoms of a diseased person with those kinds of fever can be seen when they not only suffer from the usual fever but they also shiver and sweat numerous times. The sickness are major in the province because of the transportation of the mosquitos from the water puddle which can create diseases and helps mosquito breeding in the environment. The medicine to cure malaria and dengue fever is by doing the normal treatment they can provide according to the limited resources they have. Malaria is one of the major causes of death in Bangka, mainly caused by the damaged environment because the number of the abandoned mines are becoming habitats for the mosquitos.
FOR LOCAL PEOPLE
What do the people think about the local resources in Bangka/Belitung? According to them, they think that the local resources both have strengths and weaknesses. For strengths, it is a great opportunity for them to have local resources that are used for mining since it could influence the high availability of people working on the mining site. Because of the richness, they also benefit economically. However, they also stated that their environment is becoming worse because of the tin mining activity and it affects their health and also social life.
What do the people think about the local mining company? Do you think it's right according to the regulation? Some companies follow the rules, and some didn’t. It’s something that they cannot control because they know that the government themselves cannot regulate the local mining companies well.
Does the local people benefit from the mining activity that the company did? Yes. As stated before, there are more job availability because of the resources they have. However, there are more losses from the activity since the companies are turning their island into a wasteland. They are unsatisfied and felt that the mining activities mostly brought negative impacts to the local people.
What are the suggestions from the local people to the company? According to Ibu Aslia, a local resident of Belitung, the company should find a solution to fix their damaged environment since it is their responsibility to take care of the environment and not harm the local people.
Narrative Script for the Documentary
1st Minute: Introduction of Bangka and Belitung:
Located at the east of Sumatra, Indonesia, the appealing province of Bangka Belitung consisted of beautiful sceneries created by the wonderful nature they inhabited. Not only that, the richness of their resources, especially in tin mining, made Bangka and Belitung played a key role in the global tin production. The province is well known for both beauty and also their useful natural resources that contributed greatly to the world’s tin production.
2nd Minute: History of Bangka and Belitung
The islands of Bangka and Belitung have throughout history been an important place for establishing trade, and obtaining resources. First occupied and inhabited in the 7th Century by the Srivijaya Empire. Then in the 14th Century by the Majapahit, then the Mataram, then in the 19th Century by the Dutch East Indies, and finally in the 20th Century by the Republic of Indonesia. All of its occupants have used Bangka and Belitung for obtaining its valuable resources, such as tin which has been a pillar for the islands economy for centuries. The first tin was discovered in the year 1701, and has ever since then been used for the base material of many products. Tin mining has continued until this very day benefiting the islands economy, but on the other hand destroying its environment and quality of life.
3rd Minute: Introduce about mining companies in Bangka Belitung. Uses of Tin
Mining companies are known to be very successful in their business because of the availability of land where they could do tin mining. From the positive point of view, the economical state of the province itself increased because of the high production of tin mining that are being produced internationally and the world depends on those companies to keep on producing. However, there are two kinds of companies: official, and the non-official or illegal company. Both types of companies have impacted the environment in the province.
4th Minute: Natural Destruction and problems caused by mining
As time goes on, the beauty of Bangka and Belitung is threatened to extinct due to the activities of the mining companies that damaged the nature of their land. However, because of the richness of the resources, the people started misusing those resources by creating unofficial/illegal mining sites that are not properly done. Because of their awareness of the richness they have, people started to make their own mining companies, taking lots of the resources for themselves and did not took responsibility of the damage it may cause to the environment and the local people who lived there.
5th Minute: Introduction of the Governmental system in Bangka and Belitung.
We visited PEMDA and interviewed the Pak Camat regarding the issue of illegal mining. The governmental system in Bangka is pretty much very tight but then the used of illegal mining cannot be stopped. In Bangka Belitung they are improving their governmental system in term of Mining. They made it even stricker so the people in Bangka won’t be mining illegally.
SUB TOPIC FOR 5th MINUTE: Rules about mining, Interview with the PEMDA.
UNDANG UNDANG. The pemda people said that “illegal mining is not permitted”
“The world depends on tin from Bangka and Belitung. These two Indonesian islands provide a third of the tin available on the world market. And tin is everywhere nowadays: without Indonesian tin, people around the world would not be able to enjoy their electronic gadgets.”. (Britannica)
6th Minute: Interview with Pak Leo of PT ATD Makmur Mandiri.
We visited PT ATD Makmur Mandiri, a legal mining company in Bangka.
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
7th Minute: Interview with Pak Sharrief, Dr, Interview with the local people, their perspectives, opinion, and suggestion.
Not only seeing the situation from the government or the company’s perspective, we interviewed several local citizens about mining
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
8th: Interview with Head Nurse in the PUSKESMAS and relate on how mining activities impacted negatively on the health of the population of Bangka and Belitung.
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
9th Minute: Conclusion relating it to Biblical Point of View
Genesis 1: 26-27: Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.” So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God He created them; male and female He created them.
Psalms 115:16 (Optional)
Verse Concepts
The heavens are the heavens of the LORD, But the earth He has given to the sons of men.
It refers to man being responsible for the world, by not destroying it, but taking good care of it.
In conclusion relating to the biblical point of view, we, as human beings who are given the authority to rule the earth, should take care of our environment and everything in it, not damaging or destroying them. Because God assigned us to rule over the earth according to His image, we have to do it.
10th Minute: Conclusion relating it to reality
In conclusion tin mining has given both Bangka and Belitung benefits and side effects. Mainly benefiting the islands economy, and popularity ever since its discovery back in 1701. Tin itself is a very valuable resource, which serves many useful purposes. Ranging from electronic products to tin cans. Tin being very valuable made it a very demanding resource for the industry which uses a lot of it for their products. The buying of these resources from the islands has given it wealth, however at the same time destruction. As the tin mining also results into the spread of disease, mainly being Dengue, and destroying its natural environment taking away the islands beauty. The consequences of these problems are severe to the island, though could be easily solved by simply stopping the tin mining. However if this stops, so would Bangka and Belitung’s economy, which could have a chain reaction on the global and Indonesian economy which demands tin for producing their product. Therefore the problems solution is in the hands of the next generation leaders, which if educated properly might be able to find a way out of the destruction they are facing.
WORK CITED (INTERNET SOURCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION)
"Bangka and Belitung." Wonderful Indonesia. Web. 12 March 2015. <http://www.indonesia.travel/en/discover-indonesia/region-detail/26/bangka-belitung>.
"Indonesia needs to save Bangka and Belitung islands from tin curse." Good Electronics. 3 September 2013. Web. 12 March 2015.
<http://goodelectronics.org/news-en/indonesia-needs-to-save-bangka-and-belitung-islands-from-tin-curse>.
Gorlinski, Virginia. "Bangka and Belitung." Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.12 March 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/926634/Bangka-Belitung>.
Hodal, Kate. "Death Metal: Tin mining in Indonesia." 23 November 2012. Web. 12 March 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/23/tin-mining-indonesia-bangka>.
Located at the east of Sumatra, Indonesia, the appealing province of Bangka Belitung consisted of beautiful sceneries created by the wonderful nature they inhabited. Not only that, the richness of their resources, especially in tin mining, made Bangka and Belitung played a key role in the global tin production. The province is well known for both beauty and also their useful natural resources that contributed greatly to the world’s tin production.
2nd Minute: History of Bangka and Belitung
The islands of Bangka and Belitung have throughout history been an important place for establishing trade, and obtaining resources. First occupied and inhabited in the 7th Century by the Srivijaya Empire. Then in the 14th Century by the Majapahit, then the Mataram, then in the 19th Century by the Dutch East Indies, and finally in the 20th Century by the Republic of Indonesia. All of its occupants have used Bangka and Belitung for obtaining its valuable resources, such as tin which has been a pillar for the islands economy for centuries. The first tin was discovered in the year 1701, and has ever since then been used for the base material of many products. Tin mining has continued until this very day benefiting the islands economy, but on the other hand destroying its environment and quality of life.
3rd Minute: Introduce about mining companies in Bangka Belitung. Uses of Tin
Mining companies are known to be very successful in their business because of the availability of land where they could do tin mining. From the positive point of view, the economical state of the province itself increased because of the high production of tin mining that are being produced internationally and the world depends on those companies to keep on producing. However, there are two kinds of companies: official, and the non-official or illegal company. Both types of companies have impacted the environment in the province.
4th Minute: Natural Destruction and problems caused by mining
As time goes on, the beauty of Bangka and Belitung is threatened to extinct due to the activities of the mining companies that damaged the nature of their land. However, because of the richness of the resources, the people started misusing those resources by creating unofficial/illegal mining sites that are not properly done. Because of their awareness of the richness they have, people started to make their own mining companies, taking lots of the resources for themselves and did not took responsibility of the damage it may cause to the environment and the local people who lived there.
5th Minute: Introduction of the Governmental system in Bangka and Belitung.
We visited PEMDA and interviewed the Pak Camat regarding the issue of illegal mining. The governmental system in Bangka is pretty much very tight but then the used of illegal mining cannot be stopped. In Bangka Belitung they are improving their governmental system in term of Mining. They made it even stricker so the people in Bangka won’t be mining illegally.
SUB TOPIC FOR 5th MINUTE: Rules about mining, Interview with the PEMDA.
UNDANG UNDANG. The pemda people said that “illegal mining is not permitted”
“The world depends on tin from Bangka and Belitung. These two Indonesian islands provide a third of the tin available on the world market. And tin is everywhere nowadays: without Indonesian tin, people around the world would not be able to enjoy their electronic gadgets.”. (Britannica)
6th Minute: Interview with Pak Leo of PT ATD Makmur Mandiri.
We visited PT ATD Makmur Mandiri, a legal mining company in Bangka.
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
7th Minute: Interview with Pak Sharrief, Dr, Interview with the local people, their perspectives, opinion, and suggestion.
Not only seeing the situation from the government or the company’s perspective, we interviewed several local citizens about mining
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
8th: Interview with Head Nurse in the PUSKESMAS and relate on how mining activities impacted negatively on the health of the population of Bangka and Belitung.
(PRESENT ANSWERS FROM SURVEY)
9th Minute: Conclusion relating it to Biblical Point of View
Genesis 1: 26-27: Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.” So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God He created them; male and female He created them.
Psalms 115:16 (Optional)
Verse Concepts
The heavens are the heavens of the LORD, But the earth He has given to the sons of men.
It refers to man being responsible for the world, by not destroying it, but taking good care of it.
In conclusion relating to the biblical point of view, we, as human beings who are given the authority to rule the earth, should take care of our environment and everything in it, not damaging or destroying them. Because God assigned us to rule over the earth according to His image, we have to do it.
10th Minute: Conclusion relating it to reality
In conclusion tin mining has given both Bangka and Belitung benefits and side effects. Mainly benefiting the islands economy, and popularity ever since its discovery back in 1701. Tin itself is a very valuable resource, which serves many useful purposes. Ranging from electronic products to tin cans. Tin being very valuable made it a very demanding resource for the industry which uses a lot of it for their products. The buying of these resources from the islands has given it wealth, however at the same time destruction. As the tin mining also results into the spread of disease, mainly being Dengue, and destroying its natural environment taking away the islands beauty. The consequences of these problems are severe to the island, though could be easily solved by simply stopping the tin mining. However if this stops, so would Bangka and Belitung’s economy, which could have a chain reaction on the global and Indonesian economy which demands tin for producing their product. Therefore the problems solution is in the hands of the next generation leaders, which if educated properly might be able to find a way out of the destruction they are facing.
WORK CITED (INTERNET SOURCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION)
"Bangka and Belitung." Wonderful Indonesia. Web. 12 March 2015. <http://www.indonesia.travel/en/discover-indonesia/region-detail/26/bangka-belitung>.
"Indonesia needs to save Bangka and Belitung islands from tin curse." Good Electronics. 3 September 2013. Web. 12 March 2015.
<http://goodelectronics.org/news-en/indonesia-needs-to-save-bangka-and-belitung-islands-from-tin-curse>.
Gorlinski, Virginia. "Bangka and Belitung." Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.12 March 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/926634/Bangka-Belitung>.
Hodal, Kate. "Death Metal: Tin mining in Indonesia." 23 November 2012. Web. 12 March 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/23/tin-mining-indonesia-bangka>.